• Skip to main content
  • Skip to primary sidebar
You are here: Home / Origins Of The Hebrew Bible / SEVEN: THE HEBREW BIBLE: The rise of the scribe. . .

SEVEN: THE HEBREW BIBLE: The rise of the scribe. . .

29 March 2021 by Red Johnson

The rise of the scribe: the transition from oral tradition to the hegemony of text and the orthodoxy of the book<

Remember that different forms of Yahwism were each characterised by their own particular brand and interpretation.  Even in traditional Yahwism with its pagan associations, there was a competition between rivals, as they merged with one another or took over a rival’s territory, but the radical Yahweh-alone group was building up a power base, and in the seventh century these tensions came to a head when Josiah became monarch in 640 BCE largely because he followed this particular brand of Yahwism.

At the same time, there was also competition between the prophets, who hitherto possessed a monopoly over the interpretation of the divine and the emerging scribes.  The prophets had long been the interpreter of an oral tradition, and if the king had a vision or a dream, the prophet was called to provide an interpretation, generally laced with theological undertones.  Isaiah was Hezekiah’s adviser throughout the 29 years of his reign (726-697 BCE), and his counsel was used to good advantage during the Assyrian invasion and Sennacherib’s siege of Jerusalem per medium of his various intercessions with the Lord as recounted in Isaiah: 37:38 and 2 Kings: 20, the result being that not only was Sennacherib defeated, but Hezekiah was endowed with an additional 15 years of life following a stroke.  So the prophets were in a very powerful position, but that position was gradually being usurped by the power of the written word as the scribes became the new prophets.

Writing had been invented in Mesopotamia as long beforehand as 3200 BC in the form of the cuneiform script, which began as a system of pictographs, one of the earliest known forms of written expressions, and the scribes were the inheritors of this endowment, which was considered a gift from the gods.   Initially, the oral tradition was considered the most important and it was only necessary to refer to scrolls when things were uncertain.  However, scrolls only lasted for 2 or 3 generations, and when they deteriorated and were in danger of perishing, the scribes, of whom there was a hierarchy, would update or amend the text.  Each new edition necessitated the production of a new scroll on which the entire text had to be rewritten.  The copying of the scrolls was a very lengthy process, mistakes were undoubtedly made, and the scribes added their own comments.  The size of the scroll determined what could be written upon it.  Papyrus was the cheaper medium, and later there emerged vellum with a binding, or in other words “books”.

The scribes were very important in the post-exilic period.  They provided the medium for the exclusive worship of Yahweh when they came south from Israel and were heavily influenced by the Shiloh tradition.  They changed what had formerly been an oral tradition to one in which the written word was paramount.  The scribes turned the whole context of prophecy on its head.  They could include visions in the text simply by writing them down.  The revelation was now mediated from being an oral tradition to the hand of the priestly scribe.  The scribes preserved and maintained the stream of tradition in text, giving rise to a <em “mso-bidi-font-style:=”” normal”=””>Deuteronomistic History, which in reality was theology masquerading as history.

However, as Cameron Freeman, a student in Social-cultural Anthropology and Religions at the University of Toronto, <span “font-size:12.0pt;font-family:=”” “times=”” roman”,serif;mso-fareast-font-family:”times=”” roman”;mso-ansi-language:=”” en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa”=””>[3] points out in a powerful passage, not everyone was happy with these developments, and not everyone surrendered to the supremacy of the text.  The prophet Jeremiah, a contemporary of Josiah, declared:

8 How can you say, “We are wise, and the law of the Lord is with us,” when, in                                           fact, the false pen of the scribes has made it into a lie? (My emphasis)
9 The wise shall be put to shame, they shall be dismayed and taken; since they have rejected the word of the Lord, what wisdom is in them?” 
[4]

In this fashion, “Jeremiah makes a clear distinction between the falsely written Torah and the authentic word of Yahweh and rejects the notion that Torah can be contained in a book rather than in the ear of the prophet.  Canonisation was coup by the temple priests to the overthrow of prophetic authority by means of writing and textuality. Jeremiah was naturally concerned and suspicious of written, edited and authoritatively interpreted law that bound priests, scribes and salaried prophets, like Huldah (the salaried prophet who pronounced upon the validity of the Law Book found in the Temple) to the official political and religious leadership. Writing is more powerful than speech – it fixes boundaries and establishes precedents that constrain the improvisational qualities of prophecy.  Prophetic powers were thus brought under control.  Canonisation pitted the oral prophet against the written Book of Deuteronomy, whereby conflicts would now be resolved by the hegemony of text”. [5]

Freeman goes on to argue that the development of written authority in the pre-exilic and post-exilic period was a response by literate elites to cultural circumstances that required “the boundary maintenance of Judean identity and governance”, and that this necessitated neutralising the oral tradition with scribal texts that would, under the institutional authority of the state and temple priests, eclipse prophetic authority by centring Yahwism in text.

Ancient Israel had been an oral culture where emerging literacy was confined to state elites in the form of state officials such as scribes, priests, kings and other bureaucrats. This coincided with the rise of early city-state structures. With the establishment of the monarchy, royal scribes became an essential component of a king’s administration. Scribes kept written records of payments, royal correspondence and accounts of certain temple liturgies. The scribal tradition also used written reproductions of earlier traditions to not only teach the student to read, but to educate the scribe in memorising aspects of their cultural tradition and to develop their ability to recite and perform it. Texts were critical in transferring key cultural traditions from one scribal generation to the next generation of scribal administrators and state elites.  As Israelite literacy expanded beyond the confines of royal elites and permeated the state bureaucracy, it generated a proliferation of written texts, and ultimately archives and libraries.   The power of the written text is that nothing need be forgotten, and written texts could substitute for memory.  The scribes thus challenged the oral tradition and these literate elites were able to compete for cultural and religious authority.[6]

The Assyrian campaigns and the subsequent destruction of Israel in the north, created a flood of new immigrants into the area of Jerusalem – not farmers or pastoralists who would have likely stayed tied to their ancestral lands, but elites such as, nobles, government bureaucrats, scribes, craftsman and temple priests. This influx of social and cultural elites from northern Judea also fostered the growth of urbanisation. The result was a religious-political centralisation in Jerusalem, which had already begun under the reign of Hezekiah earlier in the eighth century BCE. (2 Kgs 18:4, 22). By locating the centre of state control in Jerusalem, it made the Temple and the Palace the heart of the Judean economy. Tribal leaders throughout the Judean state found themselves marginalised by the political centralisation.[7] 

Judean society had been maintained by the oral tradition. Stories and the tradition of wisdom had traditionally been transmitted by oral means, but the rising growth of the written word in urban Judean culture undercut the oral tradition and gave power to individuals to circumvent these community held traditions.   By the time of Josiah, social, cultural and political conditions such as increased literacy, urbanisation and political centralisation in Jerusalem, had set the stage for the orthodoxy of the book.[8]

Freeman concludes by pointing out that what started out in Ancient Israel as oral components of stories, songs, prayers, and wisdom sayings, eventually were written down and sewn together by literate priests and scribal elites to form the complexities of the Judean tradition under the institutional authority of temple and state.  As Judean urbanisation grew so did the literacy rate and with it the number of biblical texts. The hegemony of text, authorised and legitimised by priestly and state elites, broke the oral bonds of the unbridled prophetic tradition in the pre-exilic period and centred “the word of YHWH” in a handwritten scroll that would serve as a divine constitution in post-exilic times of religious and political crisis, and galvanise the boundaries of Judean identity, practice, and ritual. [9]

“By the end of the of Second Temple period, the authority of Torah had been firmly established.  It had grown beyond the boundaries of the temple cult and adopted into legal and civil matters.  The vast number of scrolls referencing the authority of Torah on civil and criminal laws, stories and rituals had been firmly established and its application had grown in scope as various sects, such as the Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes expanded religious and cultural boundaries of the community. With the demise of the Second Temple, the Torah’s civil laws and narratives rendered ritual instruction impotent. Correct ritual performance was replaced with an impetus to understand and interpret the text correctly, making written scripture the centre of worship”. [10]

 



[1]  The initial portion of this section is drawn from Scribal Culture and the Making of the Hebrew Bible. Karel Van Der Toorn, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2007, 150-172.  The remainder is from Cameron Freeman,  Scribes, Prophets, & Temple Priests: The process of establishing and maintaining Judean boundaries through the canonization of scripture:  http://cameronfreeman.com/socio-cultural/anthropology-religion-christian-tradition/process-establishing-maintaining-judean-boundaries-canonization-scripture/ and is published here in summary form with his kind permission.
[2]
  Images: www.vimeo.com; www.biblicalarchaeology.org
[3]  See [1] above.
[4]  Jeremiah 8:8-9.
[5] -[10] inclusive Freeman, op cit.

Filed Under: Origins Of The Hebrew Bible

Primary Sidebar

Categories

  • "The Influence of the Mystery Religions on Christianity" (2)
  • “A land without a people for a people without a land” (4)
  • 5* BULLSHIT (10)
  • 5* INFO (505)
  • A Brief History of Humankind (1)
  • A Historical List Of Ancient Texts That Predate The Bible (5)
  • A Moral Argument Against Absolute Authority of the Torah (4)
  • AA NEW-TGP (10)
  • AAA TGP 1 RED CURCUMCUSION (3)
  • AAA TGP 2 YELLOW – EXODUS (6)
  • ABSOLUTE BULSHIT 5* (1)
  • Academia. (28)
  • An Incomplete History (3)
  • Ancient 'outlaw temple' discovered in Israel (9)
    • 18-19th CENTURY AUTHORS BIBLICAL CRITICISM (8)
      • Chilperic Edwards (1)
  • ANCIENT HISTORY (10)
  • Ancient Israel: A Brief History (1)
  • Ancient Mesopotamian underworld (3)
  • Ancient Near Eastern Parallels to the Bible and the Question of Revelation 5* for INFO and 10* for total bulllshit (1)
  • Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (1)
  • Ancient Sumerian Origins of the Easter Story (1)
  • and Readmission of the Jews (1)
  • ANTI ZIONISM (1)
  • Anti-Zionism (1)
  • Antisemitism (1)
  • Arno C. Gaebelein (1)
  • ATHEIST BIBLE (1)
  • AUTHORS (110)
    • Alison Weir (5)
    • Assmann_Jan (1)
    • Benjamin Freedman (1)
    • Bible Myths and their Parallels in other Religions, by T. W. Doane (4)
    • Donald Morgan (1)
    • Donald Morgan (8)
    • DOUGLAS REED (1)
    • Dr Michael David Magee (9)
    • GEORGE SMITH (14)
    • GEORGE SMITH (5)
    • Irving Finkel (3)
    • JOSEPH CAMPBELL (3)
    • Joshua J. Mark (8)
    • Journalist H.L. Mencken's Account of the Scopes Trial (1)
    • Leonard W. King (1)
    • Nahum Sokolow LEADING ZIONIST OFFICIAL AND DIPLOMAT1859 – 1936 (2)
    • REV. A. H. SAYCE (1)
    • RICHARD FREIDMAN (1)
    • Robert G. Ingersoll (6)
    • STANLEY WILKIN (5)
    • Stephen Sizer (3)
    • The 10 Worst Old Testament Verses by Dan Barker (1)
    • The Chaldean Account of Genesis – George Smith (2)
    • THE CHURCH OF TRUTH (3)
      • The Bible Is Wrong About Moses (2)
    • The Greatest Lie Ever Told" by historian W H Uffington. (1)
    • THOMAS SHOEMAKER (4)
    • Walter Reinhold Warttig Mattfeld (15)
    • WHITNEY WEBB (2)
    • Ze’ev Herzog (2)
  • Babel and Bible (3)
    • William Jennings Bryan – Woodrow WIlson – SCOPES TRIAL (2)
  • BABYLONIAN RELIGION (9)
  • Babylonian tablet shows how Noah's ark could have been constructed (1)
  • BALFOUR DECLARATION (15)
    • The Ambition of Mr. House (1)
  • BANKSTERS AND WARMONGERS (3)
  • Baron Edmond de Rothschild & Palestine (2)
  • BIBLE AND MESOPOTAMIA (15)
  • BIBLE AND MESOPOTAMIA FACTS AND DETAILS (1)
  • BIBLE AND MESOPTMNIA (10)
  • Bible Atrocities (1)
  • Bible Is Fiction (1)
  • Bible is Fiction: A Collection Of Evidence (1)
  • BibleMythsandTheirParallelsinOtherReligions (7)
  • Biblical archaeology (32)
  • Biblical Assyria and Other Anxieties in the British Empire (1)
  • Biblical Contradictions (3)
  • Biblical Understanding & 19th-century CE Archaeology (4)
  • BRITTIANICA INFO – HISTORY OF JUDASIM AND MORE (1)
  • BULLSHIT NONSENSE GOOD FOR INFO – The Top Ten Attacks Against the Bible’s Historical Reliability — And How to Answer Them (6)
  • Canaanite and origins of Ancient Israel (6)
  • Charles Taze Russell (1)
  • Chart of All The Supernatural Events Recorded in the Bible (1)
  • Christian Fundamentalism (83)
  • CHRISTIAN ZIONISM/EVANGELICALS (92)
  • Christianity and its unashamed plagiarism (1)
  • Churchill (6)
    • Churchill (5)
    • the Jews and Israel – Part 1 (2)
  • CHURCHILL AND ROTHSCHILDS (5)
  • Circumcision (3)
  • Circumcision: History, Scope, and Aim: Part I (1)
  • COL HOUSE (1)
  • CONSPIRACY TRUTHS – Establishing The Zionist State of Israel (1)
  • CONSPIRACY TRUTHS – Genocide in Palestine (1)
  • CONSPIRACY TRUTHS – Rothschild Zionism (2)
  • COPPER/METAL (GOD) (2)
  • COPYCAT – JEWISH SABBATH NOT ORIGINAL – COPIED FROM THE SUMERIANS (2)
  • Darwin, Evolution, and Faith (3)
  • Deadly logic of "absolute anti-Zionism" (1)
  • DID MOSES EXIST? (2)
  • Did the Jews invent God? (1)
  • Did YHWH have a female consort? (1)
  • Difference Between Science and Scientism (2)
  • Do we have extra-biblical evidence for the origins of the Israelites? 5*info (1)
  • DO YOU KNOW WHY YOU BELIEVE WHAT YOU BELIEVE? (1)
  • DODGY INFO (6)
  • Domination by Deception (2)
  • Doré Bible (1)
  • Early Egyptology and the Hebrew Sojourn/Exodus Tradition (1)
  • Eden's Serpent: Its Mesopotamian Origins (3)
  • EDNUND DE ROTHSCHILD (2)
  • Egyptian paper claims Jewish Temple was never in Jerusalem (1)
  • EL AND YAHWEH (1)
  • EPIC OF GILIMESH (2)
  • Errant or Inerrant? That is the Question. (2)
  • Ezekiel’s Bizarre Siege Drama (1)
  • fake jews (1)
  • FEDERAL RESERVE (1)
  • FEDERAL RESERVE its creation under Woodrow Wilson (5)
  • FESTIVALS AND CALENDARS IN MESOPOTAMIA (2)
  • First World War Hidden History (1)
  • FORGOTTEN BOOKS (4)
  • General Jan Christian Smuts – A True Friend Of Zion (4)
  • Genesis (8)
  • Germans (1)
  • Greek and Old Testament Mythology (1)
  • Haaretz (12)
  • HAARETZPAPER (14)
    • For You Were (Not) Slaves in Egypt: The Ancient Memories Behind the Exodus Myth (1)
    • How the Jews Invented God (2)
  • Hammurabi's Code (3)
  • HENRY FROWDE (1)
  • High priest (4)
  • HISTORY – NINEVAH (1)
  • HISTORY BEGINS AT SUMER (9)
  • History of Israel (2)
  • HOLOCAUST EXPLIANED (1)
  • HOW DID GOD GET STARTED (Great article on the origns of how faith was invented) 5*+++ (2)
  • How Did God Get Started? (2)
  • How did we get the New Covenant teaching? (1)
  • How the Serpent Became Satan (2)
  • HUMANIST THINKING (2)
  • Humanists (1)
  • If the Messiah Isn't Here Yet, Does Israel Belong to the Jews? 5+++INFO (1)
  • Imagined_Beginnings (1)
  • Influence of Anthony Ashley-Cooper's Religious Thought – VII Lord Shaftesbury – on British Political Zionism. (1)
  • Influence of Gilgamesh on the Bible (1)
  • Is a Long-Dismissed Forgery Actually the Oldest Known Biblical Manuscript? (2)
  • Is Genesis merely a rip-off of other ANE lit? (7)
  • Is the Bible "Inerrant" or "Errant"? (1)
  • Is the Bible a True Story? (1)
  • Israel and the Palestinians: a history of conflict in 8 key episodes (4)
  • Israel deliberately forgets its history (4)
  • Israel Has No Right To Exist (11)
    • Why Israel can’t be a ‘Jewish State’ (3)
  • Israel’s Exodus (1)
  • Israelite History in the Context of the Ancient Near East (1)
  • January – March 2007 DANCING AROUND THE GOLDEN CALF – PART 5 (1)
  • Jerusalem: The Not-so-eternal Capital of the Jewish People (1)
  • Jewish God Yahweh Originated in Canaanite Vulcan, Says New Theory (1)
  • John Nelson Darby (10)
  • JUDAISM – REDDIT (2)
  • Khazars (1)
  • King Solomon's Tablet of Stone (2)
  • Legal Codes in the Ancient World (1)
  • LEGENDS OF BABYLON AND EGYPT IN RELATION TO HEBREW TRADITION (1)
  • Light on the Old Testament from the Ancient Near East (8)
  • LORD SHAFTSBURY (1)
  • Louis D. Brandeis: Zionist Leader (2)
  • Man or Biblical Myth: The Archaeological Evidence (1)
  • Manna Is Real and Not So Heavenly (2)
  • MARI AND THE BIBLICAL AMORITES (MAN) (1)
  • Maximilien Robespierre FRENCH REV (1)
  • Menasseh Ben Israel (2)
  • Mesopotamian Priests and Priestesses (1)
  • Monopolizing Knowledge by Ian Hutchinson (2)
  • MOSES AND THE EXODUS (8)
  • Nineveh (1)
  • NOAH'S ARK -THE FLOOD (5)
  • OLD TESTAMENT/TORAH STORYTELLING (13)
  • Oldest Ancient Civilizations (5)
  • OLIVER CROMWELL – CHARLES 1ST – JEWS RETURNING TO THE UK (7)
  • ON THE RELIABILITY OF THE OLD TESTAMENT (1)
  • ORIGINAL SIN (10)
  • Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury and Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland' (2)
  • Origins Of The Hebrew Bible (91)
  • Origins of the Holy Bible via Archaeology (6)
  • OUT OF EGYPT OUT OF CAANAN (1)
  • OWLCATION (1)
  • Oxford Movement was also criticised for being both secretive and collusive. (1)
  • Pan-Babylonianism (5)
  • Pawns in the Game – William Guy Carr (1)
  • PDF (52)
  • Peoples of the Bible: The Legend of the Amorites (1)
  • Philosemitism in the British Isles is the basis of the Jewish state (1)
  • Plagiarism of the bible (27)
  • President Kennedy, The Fed And Executive Order 111 From APFN By Cedric X (2)
  • PRIESTHOODS OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST (1)
  • Probable Source of Aspects of Biblical and Homeric Literature (1)
  • Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes (1)
  • Proof that religion is a man-made device and why it is outdated (2)
  • Pul, King (Tiglath-Pileser III) of Assyria (1)
  • Religion on Trial (4)
  • RESEARCHGATE (2)
  • ROGER GAHOLOCAUST DENIAL IN THE ARAB MEDIA (1)
  • ROTHSCHILD (33)
  • Rothschild & Russian Revolution (3)
  • Rothschild clients (1)
  • Rothschild Family History (6)
  • Rothschild Zionism (6)
  • ROTHSCHILDS BANKSTERS AND WARMONGERS (7)
  • ROTHSCHILDS TIMELINE (3)
  • SACRIFICES IN MESOPOTAMIA AND ISRAEL (4)
  • Samuel Untermeyer (24)
  • SCIENTIFIC ERRORS IN THE BIBLE (2)
  • SCOFIELD (41)
  • Scopes "Monkey" Trial (1925) (2)
  • SCRIBED (1)
  • Secular Web Kiosk (20)
  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (1)
  • SHAKESPEARE (1)
  • SMUTTS – A Reevaluation of the Balfour Declaration (1)
  • Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms (2)
  • Sumerian King List still puzzles historians after more than a century of research (1)
  • Sumerian Polytheism, Sin and a Great Flood (2)
  • Sumerian religion/COPYCAT Hebrews (17)
  • Sumerians (11)
  • Sykes-Picot and the Zionists (2)
  • TGP – ARK OF THE COVENANT (1)
  • TGP -THE GREAT PRETENDER (7)
  • Thales Idea of natural and super natural. (2)
  • THE ANTINOMIES OF CHRISTIAN ZIONISM (1)
  • The Ark of the Covenant in its Egyptian Context (1)
  • The Atheist Atrocities Fallacy – Hitler, Stalin & Pol Pot (1)
  • The Balfour Declaration: Enduring colonial criminality (3)
  • THE BASIC LAWS OF HUMAN STUPIDITY (1)
  • The Bible and Belief in Victorian Britain (1)
  • The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of the State of Israel (1)
  • THE DIVINE SERPENT (2)
  • The entire bible is rife with historical errors … 5*INFO (TAKEN FROM QUORA) (1)
  • THE ETHNIC CLEANSING OF PALESTINE (5)
  • The Evolution-Creationism Controversy: A Chronology (1)
  • The Exodus Debunked: Chronology (1)
  • The Federal Reserve's Role During WWII (1)
  • The Fool Says in His Heart, “There is no God (1)
  • THE GILGMESH EPIC AND OLD TESTAMENT (3)
  • The Great Flood: Comparison (2)
    • The Great Flood (1)
  • The Impossible Voyage of Noah’s Ark (2)
  • THE INCREDIBLE SCOFIELD AND HIS BOOK By JOSEPH M. CANFIELD 5*INFO (2)
  • The Invention of God (1)
  • The Invention of the Land of Israel by Shlomo Sand (1)
  • The Jewish concept of God as their tribal protector, who would save them from being conquered or exiled, had to undergo revision. (2)
  • the Jews and Israel – Part 1 (1)
  • The Kuzari Principle (4)
  • THE LAWS OF HAMMURABI AND THE COVENANT CODE: (5)
  • The Myth of Abraham (1)
  • THE MYTH OF MOSES AND SINAI (16)
  • THE MYTH OF SIN (1)
  • The national revelation at Sinai never happened (11)
  • The Old Testament and Its Authors (1)
  • The Origins of Judaism (14)
  • The Politics of the Exodus Myth (1)
  • The Problem of the Bible: Inaccuracies, contradictions, fallacies, scientific issues and more. (1)
  • The Reformation (1)
  • The Reformation, Cromwell, the Commonwealth, and Readmission of the Jews (1)
  • The roots of the creation story: An atheist's take on the Bible (1)
  • The Sabbath (4)
  • The Scopes Monkey Trial, 80 Years Later CLARENCE DARROW (2)
  • The Sephardi Aristocracy in Jerusalem-500 Years after the Expulsion from Spain (1)
  • The Serpent in the Garden of Eden (4)
  • The Sumerian Flood Story (2)
  • THE SUMERIAN HOAX: IS PSEUDO-SCIENCE TURNING WESTERN OCCULTISM INTO A RELIGION FOR DUMMIES? PROBABLY 5* BULLSHIT HOWEVER THER ARE SOME INTERESTING POINTS! (1)
  • The Three-Story Universe (1)
  • The Torah is True – Even if It’s Not Fact (1)
  • The World before 1000 BCE (3)
  • THE_GILGAMESH_EPIC_AND_OLD_TESTAMENT_PAR.pdf"] (1)
  • The_Rise_of_Monotheism_in_Ancient_Israel. (1)
  • The-Ethnic-Cleansing-of-Palestine (1)
  • Theodor Herzl (5)
  • There Was Pastor Russell: A Neglected Chapter of Zionism (1)
  • THIS IS MY REPLY TO THE SERIOUS BS THAT ASSAILS STHE XTIAN MIND!!5*INFO BIG TIME LOL (2)
  • Torah based on Mesopotamian (and other) sources (1)
  • TOTAL BULLSHIT – JUDAISM (18)
  • TRIOLOGY (3)
  • Ugaritic Texts (1)
  • url links (1)
  • VATICAN BANK (1)
  • VICTORIANS: RELIGION (1)
  • Walter Rothschild and the Balfour Declaration (2)
  • Was Adam the First Human? (1)
  • Was Passover Originally An Ancient Canaanite Ritual Festival Meant To Stop The Winter Rain From Ruining Spring Crops? (1)
  • Were Hebrews Ever Slaves in Ancient Egypt? Yes (1)
  • Western Civilizations (1)
  • What is sin? (1)
  • What is the circle of the earth in Isaiah 40:22? (1)
  • When Biblically Inspired Pseudoscience (1)
  • Who invented the idea that man made God? (1)
  • Why Did God Plagiarise the Bible (6)
  • Why Everything You Think You Know About Christian Zionism Is Wrong (1)
  • Why Moses’s brother worshipped a golden calf (1)
  • Why No Truly Ancient Bible Writings Have Been Found (1)
  • Why the Arabs Rejected Zionism, and Why It Matters .The Original "No": (2)
  • Why was the Gilgamesh flood tablet such a sensation? (2)
  • WIKIPEDIA (18)
  • WIKIWAND (1)
  • William E. Blackstone (1)
  • William Gladstone Prime Minister (2)
  • Woodrow Wilson (18)
  • World of Humanism ATHIEST ARTICES (1)
  • WORLD WAR 1 – THE GREAT WAR (2)
  • World War I (1)
  • World War One (3)
  • Yahweh (14)
  • Year 6000 Wikipedia – last date the jewish messiah can be revealed? (1)
  • You’ve Seen on Elohim, You’ve Seen Them All? (1)
  • YOUTUBE (2)
  • ZIONISM (100)
    • 1903) (1)
    • Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism (2)
    • Zionist Congress: The Uganda Proposal (August 26 (1)
  • ZIONISM — THE HIDDEN TIRANNY (4)
  • Zionism in the Age of the Dictators (3)
  • Zoroastrian /Judaism (12)
    • TIMELINE JEWISH (7)

Recent Posts

  • Egyptian paper claims Jewish Temple was never in Jerusalem
  • BIBLE AND MESOPOTAMIA FACTS AND DETAILS 5*+++
  • Ezekiel’s Bizarre Siege Drama 5*info
  • Process of copying the Old Testament by Jewish Scribes 5*info not helpful at all
  • THE ANTINOMIES OF CHRISTIAN ZIONISM pdf 5* info

© 2022 Science & Sensibility