Introduction to the Bible and Biblical Problems
by Donald Morgan
Links to other articles in this series:
Key to Abbreviations
Fatal Bible Flaws?
Bible Absurdities
Bible Atrocities
Bible Inconsistencies: Bible Contradictions?
Bible Precepts: Questionable Guidelines?
Bible Vulgarities
The Bible consists of a collection of sixty-six separate books. These books were chosen, after a bit of haggling, by the Catholic Council of Carthage in 397 A.D.—more than three hundred years after the time of Jesus. This collection is broken into two major sections: The Old Testament, which consists of thirty-nine books, and The New Testament, which consists of twenty-seven books. (Catholic Bibles include additional books known as the Apocrypha.)
The Old Testament is concerned with the Hebrew God, Yahweh, and purports to be a history of the early Israelites. The New Testament is the work of early Christians and reflects their beliefs about Jesus; it purports to be a history of what Jesus taught and did.
The composition of the various books is thought to have begun around 1000 B.C., and to have continued for about 1,100 years. Much oral material was included. This was repeated from father to son, revised over and over again, and then put into written form by various editors. These editors often worked in different locales and in different time periods, and were not always aware of each other. Their work was primarily intended for local use and it is unlikely that any author foresaw that his work would be included in a “Bible.”
No original manuscripts exist. There is not likely even one book which survives in anything like its original form. There are hundreds of differences between the oldest manuscripts of any one book. These differences indicate that numerous additions and alterations, some accidental and some purposeful, were made to the originals by various authors, editors, and copyists.
Many biblical authors are unknown. When an author has been named that name has sometimes been selected by pious believers rather than given by the author himself. The four Gospels, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, are examples of books that did not carry the names of their actual authors; the present names were assigned long after these four books were written. And—in spite of what the Gospel authors allege—biblical scholars are now almost unanimously agreed that none of the Gospel authors was either an actual disciple of Jesus or even an eyewitness to his ministry.
Although some books of the Bible are traditionally attributed to a single author, many are actually the work of multiple authors. Genesis and John are two examples of books which reflect multiple authorship.
Many biblical books have the earmarks of fiction. For example, private conversations are often related when no reporter was present. Conversations between God and various individuals are recorded. Prehistoric events are given in great detail. When a story is told by more than one author, there are usually significant differences between one and the other(s). Many stories—stories which in their original context are considered even by Christians to be fictional—were borrowed by the biblical authors, adapted for their own purposes, given a historical setting, and then declared to be fact.
The Flood story is an example of this kind of adaptation. Its migration from the earliest known occurrence in Sumeria, around 1600 B.C., from place to place and eventually to the Bible, can be traced historically. Each time the story was used again, it was altered to speak of local gods and heroes.
But is the Bible, nevertheless, the work of God? Is it a valid guidebook? How can we know?
If the Bible were really the work of a perfect, all-powerful, and loving God, one would reasonably expect it to be superlative in every respect—accurate, clear, concise, and consistent throughout—as compared to anything that could possibly be conceived by human intellect alone.
Fundamentalists, in fact, hold this to be true. Using a circular argument, they say that because the Bible is without error or inconsistency it must be the work of God, and because it is the work of God it must be without error or inconsistency. It seems not to matter which proposition comes first, the other is thought to follow.
Notwithstanding the fundamentalist viewpoint, however, the Bible does contain a number of real problems, and some of these problems are absolutely fatal to its credibility.
Many passages relate God-ordained atrocities; such passages are unworthy of the Christian God. Some biblical precepts are both unreasonable and unlikely since they are in obvious disagreement with common sense as well as the qualities of character which are attributed to God. Some biblical statements are absurd in that they represent primitive, discredited beliefs. The believability of many biblical stories—stories that are crucial to Christianity—are discredited by numerous inconsistencies. The picture is further complicated by the many different and conflicting interpretations that are often given to a specific passage by sincere, well-intentioned believers.
While biblicists are capable of offering some sort of explanation for nearly every biblical problem that has been uncovered, such explanations should be unnecessary. The point is not whether some explanation can be conceived, but rather that a perfect, all-powerful, and loving God certainly could, should, and would do a much better job of it were he to have anything to do with the writing of a book. In fact, anything less than perfection would necessarily negate God’s alleged omnipotence and/or perfection.
The evidence which follows, taken from the Bible itself, is but a small portion of that which exists. This evidence demonstrates that the Bible cannot be the literal, complete, inerrant and perfect work of a perfect, all-powerful, and loving God. It also demonstrates that the Bible is not especially useful even as a guidebook. In addition, because the Bible reflects every important belief of traditional Christianity—the foundation of Christianity itself rests on shaky ground.
Notes to the reader:
1) This Introduction is but one of eight chapters which originally made up a single, unified document. For purposes of increased compatibility with the Internet, the document was broken into eight separate files. The evidence referred to above can be found in the related files using the links below.
2) The evidence that follows says nothing about the existence or nonexistence of God, rather it demonstrates that the Bible in its present form cannot possibly be the work of a perfect and omnipotent God.
Links to other articles in this series:
Key to Abbreviations
Fatal Bible Flaws?
Bible Absurdities
Bible Atrocities
Bible Inconsistencies: Bible Contradictions?
Bible Precepts: Questionable Guidelines?
Bible Vulgarities
Selected Bibliography
Babylonian Genesis, The; Alexander Heidel, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1963
Birth of the Gospel, The; William Benjamin Smith, Philosophical Library, New York, 1957
Case Against Christianity, The; Michael Martin, Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1991
Documents for the Study of the Gospels; David R. Cartlidge & David L. Dungan, William Collins Publishers, New York, 1980
End of Biblical Studies, The; Hector Avalos, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2007
Forged: Writing in the Name of God–Why the Bible’s Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are; Bart D. Ehrman, HarperOne, New York, 2011
Gospel Fictions; Randal Helms, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 1989
Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis; Robert Graves & Raphael Patai, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1966
Historical Approach to the Bible, The; Howard M. Teeple, Religion and Ethics Institute, Evanston, Illinois, 1982
Historical Introduction to the New Testament, A; Robert M. Grant, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1972
How We Got the Bible; Neil R. Lightfoot, MJF Books, New York, 2003
The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition?; Robert Price, Prometheus Books, Amherst, NY, 2003
Is that in the Bible?; Dr. Charles F. Potter, Fawcett Books, Greenwich, Connecticut
Is the Bible True?; David Robert Ord & Robert B. Coote, Orbis Books, Maryknoll, New York, 1994
Jesus: An Historian’s Review of the Gospels; Michael Grant, Charles Scribner’s and Sons, New York, 1977
Jesus, Interrupted: Revealing the Hidden Contradictions in the Bible (And Why We Don’t Know About Them); Bart D. Ehrman, HarperOne, New York, 2009
Literary Origin of the Gospel of John, The; Howard M. Teeple, Religion and Ethics Institute, Evanston, Illinois, 1974
Misquoting Jesus: The Story of Who Changed the Bible and Why; Bart D. Ehrman, Harper, San Francisco, 2005
Myth of God Incarnate, The; Ed. John Hick, The Westminster Press, Philadelphia, 1977
Nature and Origin of the New Testament, The; J. Merle Rife, Philosophical Library, New York, 1975
New Oxford Annotated Bible, The; Ed. Bruce M. Metzger& Roland E. Murphy, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991
New Testament, The: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings; Bart D. Ehrman, Oxford University Press, USA, 2003
Noah’s Ark Nonsense, The; Howard M. Teeple, Religion and Ethics Institute, Evanston, Illinois, 1978
Origins of Christianity, The; Schuyler Brown, Oxford University Press, New York, 1984
Origins of Christianity, The; R. Joseph Hoffman, Prometheus Books, Buffalo, New York, 1985
Orthodox Corruption of Scripture, The: The Effect of Early Christological Controversies on the Text of the New Testament; Bart D. Ehrman, Oxford University Press, USA, 1996
Sources of the Doctrines of the Fall & Original Sin; F. R. Tennant, Schoken Books, New York, 1968
Two Creation Stories in Genesis, The; James S. Forrester-Brown, Shambhala, Berkeley, California, 1974
What the Bible Really Says; Manfred Barthel, William Morrow and Company, New York, 1982
Where is Noah’s Ark?; Lloyd R. Bailey, Festival Books, Nashville, 1978
Who Wrote the Bible?; Richard Elliot Friedman, Harper and Row, New York, 1989
